Words Essay On Smoking One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress, personal issues and blogger.com fact, some even begin showing it off Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles Nov 21, · What is a mother essay, positive effects of technology on education essay essay cambridge dictionary essay in cybercrime law, covid 19 essay writing tagalog essay save mother earth on for Conclusion skin you essay like school rapport? cancer why essay. essay american dream informative essay. Essay first day at school essay traffic laws
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Skin whiteningalso known as skin lightening and skin bleachingis the practice of using chemical skin cancer essay in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles. This includes mercury compounds which may cause neurological problems and kidney problems.
Efforts to lighten the skin date back to at least the s in Asia. Areas of increased pigmentation such as moles may be depigmented to match the surrounding skin. Effective agents for specific areas include corticosteroidstretinoin, and hydroquinone. Many skin whiteners contain a toxic form of mercury as the active ingredient.
Hydroquinone is a commonly used agent in skin whiteners, though the European Union banned it from cosmetics in Alpha hydroxy acid AHA is also used skin cancer essay a skin bleacher, but its biochemical mechanism is unclear.
Glutathione is the most common agent taken by mouth in an attempt to whiten the skin. One review found tentative evidence of benefit of tranexamic acid in melasmaskin cancer essay, [11] while another review found that evidence to support its use was insufficient.
Skin lightening creams have commonly contained mercury, hydroquinone, skin cancer essay, and corticosteroids. Skin cancer essay usage of mercury-based products can ultimately discolor the skin, as mercury will accumulate within the dermis. Other studies have explored the impact of hydroquinone exposure on health. Additionally, corticosteroids have become some of the most commonly incorporated lightening agents.
Chemically lightened skin is also more highly susceptible to sun damage and dermal infection. According to Yetunde Mercy Olumide, advertisements for skin lighteners often present their products as stepping stones to attain greater social capital, skin cancer essay. Skin whiteners typically range widely in pricing; Olumide attributes this to the desire to portray whitening as financially accessible to all, skin cancer essay.
In the United Kingdom, many skin whiteners are illegal due to possible adverse effects. Such products skin cancer essay frequently still sold even after shops have been prosecuted. Trading standards departments lack resources to deal with the problem effectively.
Historian Evelyn Nakano Glenn attributes sensitivities to skin tone among African Skin cancer essay to the history of slavery, skin cancer essay. Studies have additionally linked paler skin to achieving various forms of social standing and mobility. Skin whitening is a major issue throughout Asia. In South Korealight skin is considered an ideal of beauty and most South Koreans believe that having paler skin is the only way to look beautiful.
Other motivations for skin whitening include desiring softer skin and wanting to conceal discolorations arising from pimples, rashes, or chronic skin conditions. Skin whitening agents work by reducing the presence of melanin pigment in the skin. To accomplish this, there are several possible mechanisms of action: [36]. Upregulation of tyrosinase caused by tyrosinase inhibitors.
Several skin whitening agents, including tyrosinase inhibitors, have been found to cause an increase in the expression of tyrosinase, which by itself would increase melanin synthesis. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF is the master transcription factor that controls the expression of TYR, TRP1 and TRP2, MART1PMEL17and many other important proteins involved in the function of melanocytes.
The melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R is a transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptor expressed in melanocytes. MC1R is an important target for the regulation of melanogenesis. The MC1R and cAMP signaling pathway [42] [43] [44] starts with the activation of MC1R, which causes activation of adenylyl cyclase ACwhich produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMPwhich activates protein kinase A PKAwhich activates by protein phosphorylation cAMP response element-binding protein CREBskin cancer essay, which upregulates MITF, of which CREB is a transcription factor.
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone α-MSHbeta-melanocyte stimulating hormone β-MSHand adrenocorticotropic hormone are endogenous agonists of MC1R. Synthetic MC1R agonists have been designed, such as the peptides afamelanotide and melanotan II. Mutations of the MC1R gene correlate and are at least partially responsible for red hairwhite skinand an increased risk for skin cancer in some individuals, skin cancer essay.
Within the skin, melanocytes are present in the basal layer of skin cancer essay epidermis ; from these melanocytes originate dendrites that reach keratinocytes. Melanosomes along with the melanin they contain are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes when keratinocytes are low in the epidermis. Keratinocytes contribute to skin pigmentation by holding the melanin originated skin cancer essay melanocytes and inducing melanogenesis through chemical signals directed at melanocytes.
The protease-activated receptor 2 PAR2 is a transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptor expressed in keratinocytes and involved in melanocyte transfer. Some compounds are known to destroy melanocytes; this mechanism of action is often used to remove the remaining pigmentation in cases of vitiligo.
Early skin whitening practices were not well-documented, skin cancer essay. The history of skin whitening in East Asia dates to ancient times. To be light in an environment in which the sun was harsh implied wealth and nobility because those individuals were able to remain indoors while servants had to labor outside. Ancient Asian cultures skin cancer essay associated light skin with feminine beauty. Japan's Edo period saw the start of a trend of women whitening their faces with rice powder as a "moral duty".
Chinese women valued a "milk white" complexion skin cancer essay swallowed powdered pearls towards that end, skin cancer essay. Skin lightening practices had achieved great importance in East Asia as early as the 16th century. Nina Jablonski and Evelyn Nakano Glenn both assert that skin whitening in many South and Southeast Asian nations such as the Philippines grew in popularity through these nations' histories of European colonization. Skin whitening practices have been documented in ancient Greece and Rome.
Skin whitening was frequently documented during the Elizabethan era. According to scholar Skin cancer essay Anne Tateskin whiteners in the United States initially were predominantly used by white women. Skin lightening was often not well-received; women who used skin whiteners were described as artificial, skin cancer essay, while men who used skin whiteners were described as overly effeminate.
Historians also note that advertisements for skin whiteners in the 20th century often associated pale skin with gentility. According to historian Kathy Peiss, skin whitening among black American women had been documented starting in the mid-nineteenth century.
In the s, tanned skin became popular among white women as a new symbol of wealth; some historians assert that industrialization had created indoor settings for labor, causing tanned skin to be associated more with sunbathing, skin cancer essay, travel, and leisure.
Skin whitening practices have also been well documented in South America and the Caribbean. Sociologists such as Jack Menke noted that early skin lightening practices among indigenous women were motivated by the attentions of conquistadores.
Various studies skin cancer essay linked the prevalence of skin whitening in Latin American nations to their histories and legacies of colonization and slavery.
Skin whitening practices grew in popularity, partly as a consequence of blanqueamiento in Latin America. Records indicate prominent usage of skin lighteners in South Africa beginning in the 20th century.
Skin cancer essay Ghanapreferences for lighter skin had been documented beginning in the 16th century, skin cancer essay. Skin whitening practices in several other African countries increased following the onset of independence movements against European colonial rule. Italics have been preserved whenever they appear in quotations. Text between square brackets are additional notes not present in the source. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Practice of using chemical substances to lighten the skin.
Further information: Enzyme inhibitor. See also: human skin § Structureand epidermis. See also: Light skin in Japanese culture. Influential in this process, the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates melanocyte cellular differentiation as well as the transcription of melanogenic enzymes tyrosinase, skin cancer essay, TYRP1 skin cancer essay TYRP2 and melanosome structural proteins MART-1 and PMEL17 [ references omitted ].
The following reviews are suggested reading all of which are available online at no cost : Smit, Vicanova, Pavel One melanocyte is surrounded by approximately 36 keratinocytes.
Together, they form the so-called epidermal melanin unit. The melanin produced and stored inside the melanocyte in the melanosomal compartment is transported via dendrites to the overlaying keratinocytes.
Furthermore, the amount and type of melanin produced and transferred to the keratinocytes with subsequent incorporation, aggregation and degradation influences skin complexion coloration [ reference omitted ]. International Journal of Dermatology. doi : ISSN PMID S2CID Retrieved 15 July Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications. ISBN Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
May Journal of Public Health Policy. Retrieved 27 July The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, skin cancer essay. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Indian J. Dermatologic Therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Supplement 2. International Journal of Women's Dermatology. PMC
Cancer 101: Skin cancer
, time: 21:43Skin whitening - Wikipedia
Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles Essay on nirbhaya act. Essay kekuatan diri sendiri essay on interesting incident of my life historical places in karachi essay in urdu. Essay on what freedom means to me in words. Kahalagahan ng wika essay brainly essay font pt an essay about covid 19 in english how to write longer essays cancer skin conclusion narrative Essay friends? gems essay fake essay about -, what is an essay Words Essay On Smoking One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress, personal issues and blogger.com fact, some even begin showing it off
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